Libraries today are more than just quiet spaces for reading—they’re the digital hubs in our communities. But with that expanded role comes an urgent need for stronger cybersecurity. Libraries store personal data and provide free internet access, which makes them tempting targets for cybercriminals. A single breach could not only compromise sensitive information but also damage the trust libraries have worked so hard to build.
The challenge is clear. Cybercriminals are evolving, and so must libraries. Cyber threats, from phishing emails to ransomware, are constantly shifting and becoming more sophisticated. Yet, libraries are far from powerless in the face of these risks. By taking simple steps—such as enforcing strong passwords, educating staff, and securing networks—libraries can significantly reduce their vulnerability. Cybersecurity isn’t just about technology. It is about protecting the foundation of trust that keeps libraries strong and accessible.
Background of cybersecurity and libraries
As libraries in the United States increasingly blend physical and digital spaces, they’ve become a crucial nexus for both learning and community engagement. According to the American Library Association (ALA), 99% of public libraries offer internet access to patrons. While this connectivity brings valuable resources, it also exposes libraries to growing cybersecurity risks. Phishing, ransomware, and unauthorized data access are just a few threats that could harm both library staff and patrons, highlighting the need for libraries to prioritize cybersecurity alongside their traditional mission of providing knowledge.
Cyber threats are no longer hypothetical. They have become a tangible risk and pose significant challenges to libraries across the U.S. According to the Cybersecurity in U.S. Public Libraries survey in 2020, 80% of libraries faced some form of cybersecurity incident. More than 40% of these included serious attacks, such as malware infections and phishing attempts. These figures bring to light an urgent issue— the rising era of cyberattacks. Libraries are not just knowledge centers, they’re also key players in protecting sensitive data. With the vast amounts of patron data they store—ranging from personal details to payment information—libraries must embrace cybersecurity as a core part of their mission to serve and safeguard the communities.
Top Cyber Threats Libraries Face
As libraries embrace digital transformation, they face an increasing array of cyber threats that can compromise both their services and the sensitive information they manage. These threats, which can result in data loss, exposure, or inaccessibility, pose significant risks to the library’s ability to provide safe and reliable services to the public. Addressing these vulnerabilities is not just a matter of technology, but it is a critical step in maintaining the trust and security of library operations.
1. Phishing Attacks
Phishing attacks occur when cybercriminals impersonate trusted organizations to deceive library staff or patrons into disclosing sensitive information, such as login credentials or payment details. In the U.S., phishing remains a significant threat, with 74% of cybersecurity professionals pinpointing weaponized email attachments and links as a primary danger.
Libraries have become the prime target, and since 2020, these scams have been constantly increasing. Typically, phishing attacks appear as authentic emails or counterfeit websites, which entice individuals to click on malicious links or download harmful attachments. For U.S. libraries, this exposes them to data breaches and malware infections, jeopardizing both their operations and patrons’ privacy. Worse, these attacks can compromise staff accounts, giving attackers unauthorized access to library systems and escalating the overall security risk.
2. Ransomware
Ransomware is one of the most destructive cyber threats, where attackers lock access to a library’s systems or data and demand a ransom for its release. In 2020, 71% of cybersecurity experts flagged ransomware as a major concern for organizations, including libraries. An example of this threat occurred early in 2020, when Contra Costa County Library fell victim to a ransomware attack, disrupting several library services.
Once ransomware infiltrates a system, it encrypts files, making them completely inaccessible until the ransom is paid. For libraries, this can mean the loss of critical resources like digital catalogs, patron records, and databases, and this can severely impact their ability to function. Even if the ransom is paid, there’s no guarantee that data will be restored or that the library won’t face another attack in the future. The uncertainty surrounding ransomware makes it one of the most risky and damaging threats to library operations.
3. Data Breaches
A data breach occurs when unauthorized individuals access sensitive information, such as patron records or library financial data. Libraries in the U.S., which store vast amounts of personal information, are particularly vulnerable. With cybercrime escalating, data breaches have become more frequent, and many incidents remain undetected until after the damage is done. According to the Identity Theft Resource Center, the U.S. saw 1,108 reported data breaches in 2020 alone, affecting millions of individuals, including those relying on public institutions like libraries.
In recent years, several high-profile breaches have highlighted the risks faced by public institutions, including libraries. When personal data is exposed, it can lead to identity theft, financial fraud, and a decline in public trust. Libraries that fail to implement strong data protection measures—such as encryption, multi-factor authentication, and strict access controls—risk jeopardizing both their patrons’ privacy and their operational integrity.
4. Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks
Denial of Service (DoS) attacks flood a library’s digital systems with an overwhelming amount of traffic, disrupting access to websites, online catalogs, and essential services. These attacks specifically target the availability of library resources, making it impossible for staff and patrons to access crucial educational and community materials. Libraries serve as critical digital access points for millions, such disruptions can have widespread consequences, limiting public access to information and services.
While DoS attacks don’t typically involve data breaches, they can result in prolonged downtime and operational chaos. Libraries that rely on digital platforms for daily functions—such as remote learning programs, digital lending, and research databases—are particularly at risk. Implementing network monitoring, firewalls, and traffic filtering systems can help libraries detect and mitigate these attacks before they escalate into full-scale disruptions.
5. Insider Threats
Not all cybersecurity threats come from outside attackers. Sometimes, the risk is within. Insider threats occur when library staff, volunteers, or contractors, whether intentionally or accidentally, compromise security. A misplaced file, weak password, or unauthorized data access can expose sensitive information. While some breaches happen due to carelessness, others stem from deliberate misuse of access privileges, making insider threats particularly challenging to detect.
Libraries in the U.S. are trusted community institutions and handle vast amounts of data, making security lapses especially concerning. Implementing strict access controls, enforcing multi-factor authentication, and conducting routine cybersecurity training can minimize risks. Regular audits and monitoring can also help identify suspicious activity before it escalates into a serious breach.
Cybersecurity Tips for Librarians
Libraries are more than just book repositories. They are digital access points for communities and Ttus, making cybersecurity a top priority. A single security lapse can lead to data breaches, loss of public trust, and service disruptions. To safeguard library systems and protect patron information, librarians must adopt proactive cybersecurity measures.
Essential Cybersecurity Tips:
- Regular Data Backups: Ransomware attacks can lock critical data, leaving libraries unable to function. Regularly backing up systems ensures that if an attack occurs, services can be restored quickly without paying a ransom.
- Keep Software and Systems Updated: Outdated software is an open invitation for cyber threats. Ensure all library systems, including databases and websites, are updated with the latest security patches.
- Enforce Strong Password Policies: Require staff to use complex passwords or passphrases and implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) where possible. A weak password can be the easiest entry point for cybercriminals.
- Secure Websites with HTTPS: Libraries that host online catalogs or patron accounts should ensure their websites use HTTPS instead of HTTP. This encryption protects user data from being intercepted by malicious actors.
- Train Staff on Cybersecurity Awareness: Educating staff on phishing, malware, and safe online practices can prevent common attacks. Libraries can collaborate with cybersecurity experts to provide ongoing training sessions.
- Limit Access to Sensitive Information: Not every staff member needs full access to all library data. Implement role-based access controls to minimize the risk of insider threats.
- Monitor Systems for Unusual Activity: Use security software and monitoring tools to detect unauthorized access attempts or unusual system behavior. Early detection can prevent a minor issue from becoming a major breach.
National Cybersecurity Resources for Librarians
Librarians play a crucial role in safeguarding digital information, but they don’t have to tackle cybersecurity challenges alone. Across the U.S., several national organizations and programs provide essential resources, training, and tools to help libraries strengthen their defenses against cyber threats.
Here are some key Cybersecurity Resources for Libraries:
- Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA): CISA offers free cybersecurity guidance, risk assessment tools, and alerts on emerging threats. Their resources, such as the ‘Cyber Essentials Toolkit,’ can help libraries build strong security practices.
- American Library Association (ALA): ALA provides guidelines on digital privacy, cybersecurity best practices, and data protection policies tailored for libraries. They also advocate for strong cybersecurity legislation that benefits public institutions.
- Federal Trade Commission (FTC): The FTC provides cybersecurity training materials that libraries can use to educate staff and patrons. Their interactive tools help organizations assess vulnerabilities and implement protective measures.
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): NIST’s Cybersecurity Framework is a widely recognized set of best practices for managing cybersecurity risks. Libraries can use this framework to develop policies that protect sensitive data and digital services.
- EFF’s HTTPS Everywhere and Privacy Tools: The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) provides guidance on implementing HTTPS and other security measures. Their resources can help libraries secure digital catalogs and online user portals.
- State and Local Library Associations: Many state and regional library organizations offer cybersecurity training, grants, and technical support tailored to local library needs.
State-Specific Cybersecurity Resources for Librarians
Libraries across the United States can access a variety of state-specific resources to bolster their cybersecurity measures.
Below are examples of state-specific resources:
1. California
California State Library
Program Overview:
The California State Library has implemented multiple layers of defense for cybersecurity protection, including tools that remove malicious emails, secure data transmission, and create encrypted internet connections.
Pacific Library Partnership
Program Overview:
The Pacific Library Partnership developed California-specific training focusing on library data privacy and digital safety, offering best practices for privacy policies and staff guidance on handling patron data.
2. Texas
Texas State Library and Archives Commission
Program Overview:
The Texas State Library and Archives Commission provides resources on various technology topics, including cybersecurity, to assist libraries in enhancing their digital services and security measures.
Texas Library Association (TLA)
Program Overview:
TLA offers support and resources to libraries across the state, including information on best practices for cybersecurity and technology management.
3. New York
New York State Library— E-Rate funding
Program Overview:
The New York State Library offers guidance on utilizing E-Rate funding to help libraries purchase advanced telecommunications services and internet connectivity, which can be used to enhance cybersecurity infrastructure.
New York State Library— Cybersecurity Insurance
Program Overview:
The New York State Library recommends that libraries consider cybersecurity insurance mandatory, given the rise in ransomware attacks, to protect against potential financial and data losses.
4. Florida
Florida Department of State
Program Overview:
The Florida Department of State provides guidelines on network security, emphasizing adherence to best practices to protect user information and maintain secure library systems.
University Libraries
Program Overview:
Florida State University Libraries offer resources and research guides on public safety and security, including aspects of cybersecurity relevant to library operations.
5. Illinois
Illinois State Library E-Resource Program
Program Overview:
The Illinois State Library administers an e-resource package available without charge to all Illinois communities, supporting libraries in accessing digital resources securely.
Illinois Office of Broadband
Program Overview:
The Illinois Office of Broadband offers grants to public libraries for projects aimed at enhancing digital equity, which can include initiatives to improve cybersecurity infrastructure.
6. Pennsylvania
State Library of Pennsylvania
The State Library provides interlibrary loan services and subscribes to various databases, ensuring secure access to information for state employees and contractors.
POWER Library
Pennsylvania’s electronic library offers e-resources for health knowledge, academic research, and more, with a focus on providing secure and reliable information access.
Conclusion
Libraries are imperative in protecting knowledge and information, and cybersecurity is key to maintaining that responsibility. As the digital world evolves, libraries must evolve too and stay proactive against emerging risks. By leveraging resources, educating staff, and applying security best practices, libraries can mitigate threats and remain steadfast in their role.